| 1103高級口譯考試聽力文本匯總(2) | |||
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11 what’s the main topic of this interview? 12 there are several reasons why young women don’t wear Saris in 13 according to the interviewee which of the factors also affects the way people dress in 14 what can we know from the interview of men’s clothing in 15 why has the interviewee’s attitude towards clothing changed? Question 16-20 So is everyone awake? I guess that’s a good question that starts an early morning lecture about sleep. Seriously how many of you feel you didn’t get enough sleep last night? Raise your hands. Hum, about a third of you. That’s interesting. Because that shows that you are not so different from the population in general, about 30% of the adults say they frequently don’t feel rested when they wake up in the morning. And why is that? Well in most cases is because they stay up too late parting or watching TV. But in a small percentage of cases, they could be suffering from a sleep disorder. A condition that interferes with a person’s ability to sleep normally. There are many different times of sleep disorders. But the three that I want to describe today are called sleep Apnea, narcolepsy and insomnia. Ok, the first disorder I listed is Apnea, that’s a-p-n-e-a. People with sleep apnea stop breathing. Sometimes 10 seconds or longer, and not just once. It can happen several hundred times a night. Each time this happens, they wake up and go right back to sleep. So their sleep is constantly interrupted. But in the morning, they don’t remember waking up. They just feel tired and sleepy. Then how do you know if you have this problem? The usual symptoms are heavy breathing and snoring combining with feeling tired all the time. The cause of this problem is that air can’t go into and out of the nose or mouth usually because the throat is too relaxed. Consequently the treatment is very simple. The person wears a soft mask, attached to a machine that helps to regulate his or her breathing through out the night. In strange cases of apnea, surgery may be necessary. The second sleep disorder that I want to describe today is called narcolepsy. That spelled n-a-r-c-o-l-e-p-s-y. Perhaps you’ve seen a movie in which people are sitting at a table eating and talking. And suddenly one person just falls over. Perhaps his face falls into his soup. It’s funny in a movie, but in reality this could be a symptom of narcolepsy. Narcoleptic get a sudden attack of sleep in the middle of the day any time any place. They can’t control it. They simply fall asleep for brief periods of time. By the way this Disorder appears to be particularly frequent among students enrolled in at eight a.m. classes. But seriously, narcolepsy can’t be quiet scary. The cause is high levels of certain chemicals in the part of the brain that regulate sleep. Once narcolepsy is diagnosed, it’s usually treated successfully with medication. Sleep Apnea and narcolepsy are serious problems. But they are rare conditions. In contrast, the third sleep disorder I want to discuss insomnia is quiet common. Insomnia means the difficulty either falling asleep or staying asleep. Almost everybody has insomnia once in a while. But I want to talk about chronic insomnia, which is when sleeping becomes difficult for weeks, months or years at a time. The cause could be either psychotically or physical. Most often is psychological. That is it caused by stress. You know worrying about problems at work or at home and so on. Or the cause could be physical, such as too much caffeine or nicotine in the body. Both of these chemicals are stimulus that can keep you from sleeping. Stimulus are substances that make you feel awake and energetic. As I said coffee and cigarettes are both stimulus. Now that brings us to treatment for insomnia. Obviously, if you have trouble sleeping, the first thing you should do is avoid coffee, tea and cigarettes in the evening. You should also avoid alcohol. Many people say that a glass of beer or wine help them sleeping. And that may be true once in a while. But drinking alcohol every night is dangerous. But after a while it starts working, as everyone knows alcohol is addicted. You should also avoid sleeping pills for the same reason because they are addicted. These are the things you shouldn’t do if you have insomnia. Now what should you do? Question 16-20 16. According to the lecture, about what percentage adults say that they often don’t feel rested when they wake up in the morning? 17. The lecture discusses several types of sleep disorder, which of the following is not one of these disorders? 18. Which of the following is not a usual symptom for sleep insomnia? 19. Which of the following statements is true with people who suffer from narcolepsy? 20 What can we learn about chronic insomnia?
高口聽力下半場 NTGF Everyone experiences stress on some level every day. Stress, broadly defined, is our response to events that we perceive as threatening or challenging. We may experience different levels of stress depending on the stressors, meaning the events or circumstances that cause us to feel stress. Of course, not everyone perceives the same events or circumstances as stressful. We don’t always react the same way to the same stressors. In fact, something that is extremely stressful for one person may be exciting or non-stressful for another. In general, though, stressful events can be classified into three main categories: cataclysmic events, personal stressors and background stressors. Cataclysmic events are major events that cause stress suddenly, immediately for a great many of people at once. Examples of these are earthquakes, fires or other disasters. Personal stressors are major life events that create stress. They can include the death of loved ones, a job loss, a divorce, a financial setback, or a geographical move. They’re not always events that we perceive as negative. Many joyful life events can also cause a great deal of stress. For example, getting engaged, or married, acquiring a new family member through birth or adoption, starting a new job, and even taking a vacation can all be as stressful as negative life events. Finally, background stressors, which we can also think of as day-to-day hustles or minor irritations can cause stress, particularly, when they add up when we are repeatedly exposed to them. Examples of background stressors are waiting in a long line, getting stuck in a traffic jam, being exposed to noise, experiencing a delay of some sort, or dealing with broken equipment. Examples of chronic background stressors and the kind that can lead to long-term health problems include being unhappy with one’s job, living environment, marriage, or relationship. Stress is not something that only exists in our mind. Repeated exposure to stressors has both psychological and biological consequences. When we’re exposed to stressors, our adrenal gland secretes certain hormones and our heart rate and blood pressure rise. We experience a “fight or flight” response—a sense of emergency when the body prepares to defend itself. This is useful in some situations, especially where we might actually need to defend ourselves. In the long run, though, this activation of what is known as the sympathetic nervous system has negative effects and reduces our capacity to manage stress. When stress hormones are constantly secreted, and the body is continually preparing for emergencies, body tissues such as the heart and blood vessels can begin to deteriorate; the immune system functions less effectively, and reduces our ability to fight our illness. The General Adaptation Syndrome or GAS explains the sequence of physiological reactions to stress. There are three phases to GAS. The first is the alarm and mobilization phase. This is when we first become aware of a stressor. When we respond with alarm, we may feel upset or confused. We may even feel a sense of panic or fear. After that, however, we may begin to mobilize our efforts, in other words, to take action, to remove the stressor. For example, if you receive a mid-semester report, stating that your grades were all very low, you might worry at first, but then you would probably make plans to reverse the situation to improve your grades. The second phase of GAS is the resistance stage which occurs if the stressor is not removed. This is the stage when we fight against the stressor or try to cope with the stressor. The attempt to mobilize and remove the source of stress from phase one can result in further stress. For example, if you were studying long hours to try to improve low grades, you might succeed in improving the grades but create more stress in the process. This can lead to the third GAS phase: exhaustion. In his phase, if resistance was not successful, and stressors still exist, our ability to fight or cope with the stressor diminishes. At this point, symptoms of stress manifest themselves psychologically and biologically. Psychologically, we may become irritable, short-tempered, or unable to focus. There may be a sense of being completely overwhelmed and unable to function. Biologically, our bodies may react with such symptoms as aches and pains, fatigue or illness. Interestingly, the exhaustion phase may actually be an extreme way of trying to avoid the stressors. The body may be telling us that we need to take a break, and that we need to do whatever is necessary to remove ourselves from the stressor. Listening translation Sentence translation 1.Let me say that prevention crime is definitely better than punishing it. It’s better to have good role models in stopping crimes before it starts, but we also need harsher punishments. 2. Many cities have small areas or ghettos when people live in dangerous or destitute conditions. Beautiful architecture and vibrant night life are one face of the city. The cities also have problems of inequality, crowding and poverty. 3. According to a report released by a Spanish news agency FA many Latin American leaders voiced fears that a economic crisis might unleash a wave of protectionism and entire immigration measures in 4. Farmers in this country have to comply with strange requirements which make it much more costly to produce, in meat production for example, they do not tolerate growth hormones and genetically modified products. 5. The index of top European shares tumbled 2.2 percent with banks and commodity stocks, the hardest hit. The index which gain nearly 20 percent in 2009 is now down 4.31 percent amid persistent concerns about the Euro Zone stage problems. Passage translation 1.Many people love the excitements of living in a big city, such as 2.The percentage of high-school-aged youth who participate in some sort of physical activity for at least 60 minutes for 5 or more days per week increased from 18% in 2005 to 30% in 2010. The percentage of high-school-aged youth who ate fruits and vegetables 5 or more times per day decreased from 21% to 19% in the same period. Officials at the conference said that to battle the problem of obesity, a holistic approach involving the entire city must be undertaken. Every agency and group, parks and recreation, as well as community groups, churches, nonprofits and businesses must be involved in tackling obesity |
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