Questions 16—20

Older Americans are less healthy than their English counterparts, but they live as long as or even longer than their English peers, according to a new study by researchers from the RAND Corporation and the Institute for Fiscal Studies in London. Researchers found that while Americans aged 55 to 64 have higher rates of chronic diseases than their peers in England; they died at about the same rate. And Americans age 65 and older—while still sicker than their English peers—had a lower death rate than similar people in England, according to findings published in the journal Demography.

The paper was co-authored by James Banks and Alastair Muriel of the Institute for Fiscal Studies and James P. Smith, distinguished chair in labor markets and demographic studies at RAND. “If you get sick at older ages, you will die sooner in England than in the United States,” Smith said. “It appears that at least in terms of survival at older ages with chronic disease, the medical system in the United States may be better than the system in England.”

In the new study, researchers examined the prevalence of illness among those 55 to 64 and 70 to 80. They also looked for the first time at the onset of new illnesses in those age groups in the United States and England during the years spanning 2005 to 2009. Finally, researchers examined trends in death rates in each country.

The findings showed that both disease prevalence and the onset of new disease were higher among Americans for the illnesses studied—diabetes, high-blood pressure, heart disease, heart attack, stroke, chronic lung diseases and cancer. Researchers found that the higher prevalence of illness among Americans compared to the English that they previously found for those aged 55 to 64 was also apparent for those in their 70s. Diabetes rates were almost twice as high in the United States as in England (17.2 percent versus 10.4 percent) and cancer prevalence was more than twice as high in the United States (17.9 percent compared to 7.8 percent) for people in their 70s.

In spite of both higher prevalence and incidence of disease in America, death rates among Americans were about the same in the younger ages in this period of life and actually lower at older ages compared to the English. Researchers say there are two possible explanations why death rates are higher for English after age 65 as compared to Americans. One is that the illnesses studied result in higher mortality in England than in the United States. The second is that the English are diagnosed at a later stage in the disease process than Americans. “Both of these explanations imply that there is higher-quality medical care in the United States than in England, at least in the sense that these chronic illnesses are less likely to cause death among people living in the United States,” Smith said.

“The United States’ health problem is not fundamentally a health care or insurance problem, at least at older ages,” Banks said. “It is a problem of excess illness and the solution to that problem may lie outside the health care delivery system. The solution may be to alter lifestyles or other behaviors.” The study also investigated the relationship between the financial resources of individuals in both countries and how soon they would die in the future.

While poorer people are more likely to die sooner than their more well-off counterparts, researchers say their finding supports the view that the primary pathway between health and wealth is that poor health leads to a depletion of household wealth, rather than being poor causes one’s health to decline. Researchers found that the substantial changes in wealth that occurred in the years 1992 and 2002 in the United States through increases in stock prices and housing prices did not alter the probability of subsequent death. 

1. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?(A) Older Americans can live as long as their English peers though they are less healthy.(B) Americans aged 65+ are healthier than their English counterparts.(C) Older people with chronic disease have a better chance of survival in the U.S than in the U.K.(D) Older Americans have a lower death rate because they have better access to medical care.

2. In this passage, the word “prevalence” can be best paraphrased as “______”.(A) that is generally observed(B) that is unique in human beings(C) that is specially chosen (D) that is roughly estimated

3. Researchers studied all the following diseases EXCEPT ______.(A) heart disease(B) obesity(C) diabetes(D) high blood pressure

4. “The United States health problem is…a problem of excess illness…” (para. 6) probably means it ______.(A) arises because Americans lack physical exercise(B) arises because Americans have no access to adequate medical care(C) is attributable to inadequate nutrition(D) is attributable to American lifestyles

5. According to the findings of the study, ______.(A) life expectancy has little to do with the amount of wealth (B) poor health exhausts financial resources(C) poverty leads to poor health.(D) the more wealth one possesses, the longer he can expect to live

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