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推理題入門（1）--正向推理題

Ø  推理題的提問方式：

Which of the following can be inferred about X?

The author of the passage implies that X...

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about X?

Tips：ETS出推理題有固定途徑以確保考試的標準化、難度一致。

Ø  正向推理題典型例子

（OG Practice set 1） The Origins of Cetaceans

Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus(龍王鯨）, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.

  It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations (4)

○On land

○Both on land and at sea

○In shallow water

○In a marine environment

考題分析：這是一道典型的推理題，因為段落中并未提及give birth，而題目卻考到了。當然，雖然推理題有其難度，但對于僅針對一個段落出題的題目來說，好消息是______________。請大家劃出可以用來推理答案的那個原文句，并進行判斷。答案為（   ）。

Ø  正向推理題=整體與部分推理

在上面的例子中，文章并未講“部分”(bred and give birth)，而是講了“整體”（a fully marine whale/ such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 500-foot-long Basilosaurus on land.)。部分一定具備整體的特質，所以推理自然就不難。這算是“給定段落里沒有推理對象”的推理題入門級難度例題。我們來簡化一下思路：

你知道嗎？你妹妹這輩子都生活在上海。那么她在哪里讀的小學呢？

整體和部分推理就是這個思路啦！

推理題入門（2）--舉例引發的“整體與部分推理”

Ø  回顧一下什么叫整體與部分推理？

我妹妹在上海生活了一輩子，她小學哪里讀的？--這是最簡單的整體（在上海生活了一輩子）推理到部分（她小學在上海讀的）例子。

Ø  帶有例子的推理題的有效推理路徑

1看到題干是一個例子-->2回到例子所在段落-->3找到例子（論據）前面的那個論點-->4判斷一下，這個論點是否就是正確答案。

比如說：題干為“我妹妹獲得過三次奧數比賽一等獎”這個事實能夠推理出什么結論？

選項為

1.我妹參加過三次以上奧數比賽

2.我妹獲獎是家常便飯

3.我妹是牛娃

4.我弟是學渣

回到原文，看到這個句子：我妹是個學霸（論點1），我弟是個學渣（論點2）。我妹獲得過三次奧數比賽一等獎（論據1）。我弟數學在不及格邊緣徘徊（論據2）。

所以正確選項是（  ），其中的同義替換考點是______=________

Ø  真題演練

The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems TPO-3

Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.

 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?(3)

○They become less stable as they mature.

○They support many species when they reach climax.

○They are found in temperate zones.

○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.

1看到題干是一個例子redwood forests-->2回到例子所在段落-->3找到例子（論據）前面的那個論點（請劃出）-->4判斷一下，這個論點中是否就有正確答案的影子呢。

正確選項是（3 ）

Ø  再看一個稍微復雜一點的例子推理題

比如說：題干為“我妹妹獲得過三次奧數比賽一等獎”這個事實能夠推理出什么結論？

選項為

4.我妹參加過三次以上奧數比賽

5.我妹獲獎是家常便飯

6.我弟數學比我妹好

4.我妹數學比我弟弟好

回到原文，看到這個句子：我妹是個數學學霸（論點1），我妹獲得過三次奧數比賽一等獎（論據1）。我弟是個數學學渣（論點2）。我弟數學在不及格邊緣徘徊（論據2）。

答案為（  ）