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托福寫作機經

綜合寫作

　　閱讀：

　　文章是講的關于Harappan civilization decline的原因的三個假說。

　　第一個是受到游牧民族nomadic tribe入侵。

　　第二個是氣候變化導致農業垮了，沒有食物。

　　第三個是水源被污染造成一種通過水傳播的流行病，所以就搬遷。

　　聽力

　　第一個是當時H文明的地盤很大large scale游牧民族雖然打了他幾個地區但是還不至于導致他decline。

　　第二個是同時期的埃及文明和另一種文明同樣遭受了氣候變化但是都調整了農業有了surplus的food。所以H也不可能因為氣候變化而decline。

　　第三個是H人都是出色的工程師，他們創造了先進的水系統可以防止疾病通過水傳播。

　　獨立寫作：

　　People often buy products not because they really need them but because other people have them.

　　We make regular purchases every day, and most of the time, I believe people buy products because they need them. On the other hand, it is also true that sometimes our purchases are of human desires or so-called "wants", but this does not necessarily mean that we want these goods only because other people have them. It’s very possible for humans to like something purely because it is good to have them. Therefore, in my opinion, whether people buy products because they really need them or other people have them should be discussed case-by-case.

　　For goods like groceries, we buy them because they are essential for our everyday living. Using my mother as an example, each Friday after work, she would go to the grocery store to do grocery shopping for the family. Although she gets very tired after a week of work, she still does the shopping. She knows the importance of food for a family. Whether for breakfast, lunch, or dinner, she always prepares us a healthy and delicious meal. Giving us food is a way for her to show her love and care. She is not the only mom who does this. Most moms would go to grocery store to pick up food for the family. It is not because other moms buy food for their family so they need to do it as well, but rather, as humans we depend on food for survival. For college students, same principle applies. It is easy for students to get overwhelmed by school work and social life, but when it comes to grocery shopping, students still make time to do their shopping list. Buying healthy and nutritious food is necessary for students’ life. In this case, we buy products because we need them not because others have it.

　　For some luxurious goods, however, such as an expensive bag or a pair of shoes, people might purchase them because others have them as well. This phenomenon is especially common among high school female students. As girls begin to care more and more about their looks, their perspective on beauty starts to change collectively. For example, a girl who wears a pair of UGG shoes may eventually starts a trend. If her classmates think having a pair of UGG is cool and pretty, then they will want a pair too. So it is common to see within a school that girls dress very similarly with one another. This is an example when purchases are not needs, but simply because others have it and so one wants to have it too. According to a survey conducted by Trend website, a significant percentage of luxurious goods buyers consider luxurious brand as a label for their social status or wealth and they tend to choose the brand that their colleagues or friends recognize or value.

　　In sum, I think most of the time people make purchases because we need them, but there are rare situations where making a purchase is because others have it.