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Fresh air polluted by exhaust fumes and industrial emissions causes lung cancer, a team of World Health Organization experts has officially declared.

Traffic, power stations, industrial and agricultural emissions, and cooking and heating in the home are the main causes of air pollution. Outdoor air pollution was officially classified as carcinogenic to humans by the cancer arm of the WHO after a review of the latest scientific evidence from around the world.

The latest available data suggest that in 2010, air pollution was responsible for the deaths of 223,000 lung cancer patients around the world.

Scientists from The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) studied more than 1,000 academic papers on polluted air and, separately, small particles found in polluted air. They had previously classed a variety of individual chemicals and mixtures found in polluted air as carcinogens, such as diesel engine exhaust, solvents, metals, and dusts.

Although the findings do not come as a surprise, they are likely to significantly increase the pressure on governments around the world to tackle pollution, which has risen rapidly around the world during industrialization and was already known to raise the risk of conditions like heart and respiratory diseases.

Comprehension

1.       Which of the following cause does NOT mention in the passage?

A.     traffic

B.     gas station

C.     power station

D.    industrial and agricultural emissions

2.  What do you think the meaning of ‘arm’ ( paragraph 2) is?

A.     one part of our body

B.     a weapon

C.     a branch of some organization

D.    an equipment 

3.  How many individual chemicals and mixtures did IARC class as carcinogens?

A.     2         

B.     3

C.     4

D.    5

4.  What’s the best title for this passage?

A.     The Cause of Heart Disease

B.     Air Pollution Causes Cancer

C.     The Current Environment Condition

D.    The Cause of Lung Cancer

Background Information

PM2.5是指大氣中直徑小于或等于2.5微米的顆粒物，也稱為可入肺顆粒物。被吸入人體后會直接進入支氣管，干擾肺部的氣體交換，引發(fā)包括哮喘、支氣管炎和心血管病等方面的疾病。

細顆粒物（Particulate）泛指懸浮在氣體當中的微細固體或液體。在城市空氣質(zhì)量日報或周報中的可吸入顆粒物和總懸浮顆粒物是人們較為熟悉的兩種大氣污染物。可吸入顆粒物又稱為PM10，指直徑等于或小于10微米，可以進入人的呼吸系統(tǒng)的顆粒物；總懸浮顆粒物也稱為PM100，即直徑小于和等于100微米的顆粒物。

對于環(huán)境科學來說，懸浮粒子特指空氣中那些微細污染物，它們是空氣污染的一個主要來源。當中小于10微米直徑的懸浮粒子，被定義為可吸入懸浮粒子，它們能夠聚積在肺部，危害人類健康。直徑小于2.5微米的顆粒，對人體危害最大，因為它可以直接進入肺泡。科學家用PM2.5表示每立方米空氣中這種顆粒的含量，這個值越高，就代表空氣污染越嚴重。

Vocabulary

tackle v. 處理，應對

industrialization n. 工業(yè)化

respiratory disease  呼吸道疾病

diesel engine exhaust柴油機排氣

solvent  n. 溶劑

IARC 國際癌癥研究機構(gòu)

be responsible for 為……負責

power station 電力站

carcinogenic adj. 致癌物的

arm 此處指分支機構(gòu)、部門

exhaust fume 廢氣

industrial emission  工業(yè)廢氣

declare v. 宣布，宣告

Keys to the comprehension

1.       B  由第二段首句可得知，gas station沒有提及

2.      C 文中指世界衛(wèi)生組織（WHO）的某個部門

3.      C 可由第四段末句得知

4.      B  A選項文中并未進行闡述；C選項標題太大，文中只說明空氣污染對肺癌產(chǎn)生的負面影響；D選項文中只提及其一，肺癌還有其他引發(fā)原因