-ed分詞這個結構在英語表達中是常見的。它既可以是系表結構,又可以是被動語態。因此,我們可以稱之為靜動句的混合體。靜句是用來描寫事物的性質或狀態的。動句是用來描寫動作及動作過程。由于在表達形式上這兩種結構是一樣的,都由be +ed分詞構成,這樣就給區別系表結構和被動語態帶來了麻煩。現將幾種區別方法歸納如下:
一.從動詞的性質來區分 英語中的不及物動詞不用于被動語態。但是,不及物動詞的過去分詞可以和動詞be連用構成系表結構。在這個結構中,過去分詞只表示動作已經完成。強調事物的狀態。常見的這種形式不及物動詞有:gone,come, arrived,fallen,retired,startled,vexed,mistaken等。這些不及物動詞都具有描述性質。例如: Her fever is gone,but she still feels weak. I shall be vexed if you keep mentioning it. The interviewer was quite mistaken about the incidents which happened in the campus. 注意:如果構成分詞的動詞是一個持續性動詞,不表示終極界限,不表示動作結果,而強調動作的持續性,在這種情況下謂語大多數是被動語態。例如: All the books were carried to the library. Several students were honoured for their excellent performance in the English contest.
二.從句子表達的內容來區分 被動語態表示動作,句子的主語是動作的承受者;系表結構中的過去分詞已基本上失去了動詞的意義,只起到一個形容詞的作用,在句子中作表語,說明主語的性質,或所具有的特征或所處的狀態。例如: The houses were beautifully decorated.(系表) The houses were decorated and rented to those who were badly in need of shelters.(被動) The book is not illustrated.(系表) The book was illustrated by a famous artist.(被動) 注意:在現代英語中,有少數從古英語中遺留下來的只能用作形容詞的-ed分詞。這種分詞形容詞特性顯著,完全起到了形容詞作用。例如: amused, broken,closed,confused, crowded,covered,done,delighted,frightened, bent, blessed,bound,drunk,lit,melted,rotten, shaved,shrunk,sunk,believed, burnt,excited, faded,married,interested,pleased,satisfied,surprised等。
三.從-ed分詞后所跟的介詞來區別 作形容詞用的-ed分詞在個別情況下,可以跟除by-phrase以外的其他介詞。如: about,at,in,on,with,over,to等。例如: I’m interested in my own hobbies,such as collecting stamps,raising birds and fishing.(系表) I was interested by what you showed me.(被動) The people present at the meeting were annoyed with the tedious speech.(系表) The people who wanted to attend the meeting were surprised by the announcement of the adjournment without day.(被動)
四.從修飾詞來區分 1.在英語表達中,過去分詞具有形容詞性質,因此可用程度副詞"more,quite, rather,very"等修飾。凡是能用這類副詞修飾的過去分詞多為系表結構。例如: Her look was quite amused. After working the whole morning,we were very tired. 2.如果-ed分詞的結構中由時間狀語、地點狀語、原因狀語或方式狀語來修飾整個句子,表示動作的持續性,反復性,這時這個句子就是被動語態。例如: The dam is completed.(系表) The dam had been completed within two months.(被動) He was wounded.(系表) He was wounded in the battle.(被動)
五.通過時態來區分 系表結構中的動詞be為系動詞,多用于一般現在時和一般過去時。偶爾在系表結構中也可見到一般將來時和現在完成時。而在被動語態結構中的動詞be是助動詞。除了很少用于完成進行時和將來完成時之外,可以用各種時態。 I shall be much obliged to you for an early reply.(系表) The house is being built by the river.(被動) 另外從時態方面考慮,區分被動語態和系表結構時,可用"還原"的方法。看能否將be+過去分詞形式還原為對應的主動語態。如果是被動語態,它的時態要與相應的主動結構一致。如果是系表結構,一般沒有對應時態的主動結構。例如: My window is broken.(這個句子是系表結構,此句沒有對應時態的主動句。不能還原為Some one breaks the window.) A lot of new cars have been made since the technical innovations have been adopted. (此句是被動語態。可以將這個句子還原為We have made a lot of cars since we adopted the technical innovations.)
六.從動詞be能否被替代來區分 被動語態一般由助動詞be +ed分詞構成。系表結構除了與be連用之外,還可以用其他動詞替換。能被替換的詞有:become, get,turn,sound,rest,lie,look,keep,remain, seem,appear等。例如: You may rest assured that everything possible will be done. He appeared perplexed at the thought of the future. 以上幾個例句中的rest,appear替換了 be。我們可以認定該句是系表結構。如不能替換就是被動結構。不過,還應強調一下get的用法。get +ed分詞既可作系表結構,還可以作被動結構。究竟屬于哪種結構,主要是看說話人強調的重點。如果強調動作這種結構就是被動結構。反之,此句就是系表結構。例如: The house will get white-washed next week.(此句強調動作,因此我們可以認定此句是被動結構。)
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